Thallium
Status: National drinking water standard exists
Thalium is a naturally occurring metal released into the environment from metal smelting and coal burning. Exposure to too much thalium can cause hair loss, liver damage, reduced sperm motility and nervous system impairment.
Health concerns for thallium
Hair loss
Harm to the liver
Harm to the central nervous system
Harm to the brain and nervous system
Harm to the male reproductive system
State and national drinking water standards and health guidelines
EWG Health Guideline 0.1 ppb
The EWG Health Guideline of 0.1 ppb for thallium was defined by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment as a public health goal, the level of a drinking water contaminant that does not pose a significant health risk. This health guideline protects against harm to internal organs.
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 2 ppb
The legal limit for thallium, established in 1992, was based on analytical detection limits at the time that the standard was set.
ppb = parts per billion
States reporting thallium in drinking water
UTILITIES REPORTING ABOVE HEALTH GUIDELINES | UTILITIES WITH CONTAMINATION | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Utilities | People Served | Utilities | People Served | |||
Florida | 47 | 176,999 | 167 | 2,594,592 | |||
Colorado | 10 | 6,034 | 49 | 1,858,326 | |||
New York | 28 | 304,102 | 60 | 1,267,995 | |||
Virginia | 7 | 1,842 | 20 | 760,270 | |||
Wisconsin | 49 | 192,257 | 84 | 581,598 | |||
Washington | 93 | 219,343 | 108 | 354,711 | |||
Nevada | 3 | 329,402 | 3 | 329,402 | |||
Indiana | 9 | 30,842 | 14 | 315,620 | |||
Pennsylvania | 3 | 5,325 | 11 | 262,323 | |||
California | 28 | 172,929 | 30 | 239,237 | |||
New Jersey | 3 | 7,956 | 12 | 205,867 | |||
Massachusetts | 7 | 173,388 | 7 | 173,388 | |||
Utah | 4 | 130,150 | 8 | 141,115 | |||
Texas | 13 | 116,404 | 13 | 116,404 | |||
Ohio | 11 | 123,752 | 9 | 113,089 | |||
Kentucky | 9 | 88,342 | 12 | 111,051 | |||
Alabama | 12 | 82,431 | 15 | 104,341 | |||
Illinois | 5 | 33,138 | 5 | 33,138 | |||
Nebraska | 1 | 30,919 | 1 | 30,919 | |||
West Virginia | 8 | 12,253 | 12 | 30,629 | |||
Iowa | 1 | 31 | 10 | 28,671 | |||
North Carolina | 3 | 3,515 | 4 | 22,057 | |||
Missouri | 3 | 19,797 | 3 | 19,797 | |||
Louisiana | 4 | 18,378 | 5 | 18,768 | |||
Georgia | 5 | 12,040 | 6 | 14,958 | |||
Mississippi | 1 | 13,263 | 1 | 13,263 | |||
Arkansas | 5 | 10,826 | 7 | 13,102 | |||
Maryland | 2 | 12,390 | 2 | 12,390 | |||
Rhode Island | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10,199 | |||
South Carolina | 5 | 8,113 | 5 | 8,113 | |||
New Mexico | 3 | 2,562 | 3 | 2,562 | |||
Montana | 2 | 1,984 | 4 | 2,117 | |||
Wyoming | 3 | 990 | 3 | 990 | |||
Alaska | 2 | 987 | 2 | 987 | |||
New Hampshire | 2 | 290 | 2 | 290 | |||
South Dakota | 1 | 200 | 1 | 200 | |||
Minnesota | 1 | 125 | 1 | 125 | |||
Vermont | 1 | 105 | 1 | 105 | |||
Idaho | 1 | 92 | 1 | 92 | |||
Oregon | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 |
Filtering technologies that reduce thallium
Reverse Osmosis
Ion Exchange
Utilities with the highest amounts of thallium, 2017-2019
Utility | Location | Tests | Average level | People served |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alpine Acres Community Association | Leavenworth, WA | 3 of 3 | 2.30 ppb | 46 |
Butterfield Common Senior Housing | Keene, VT | 1 of 3 | 2.00 ppb | 105 |
Rincon Water Consumers Co-op | Hatch, NM | 2 of 5 | 1.97 ppb | 580 |
Yuma West Mobile Home Park | Yuma, AZ | 1 of 1 | 1.90 ppb | 30 |
South Hills Water Users Association Inc. | Yakima, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.90 ppb | 135 |
Lake Ridge Water System | Austin, TX | 2 of 2 | 1.75 ppb | 1,041 |
Fordair Water Co-op Inc. | Coulee City, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.70 ppb | 34 |
Kathleen Oaks Mobile Home Park | Lakeland, FL | 1 of 2 | 1.50 ppb | 35 |
Freedom W&s District | Grover, WY | 1 of 1 | 1.50 ppb | 300 |
Davenport Mob Est | Haines City, FL | 1 of 2 | 1.50 ppb | 390 |
Cedar Pointe | Rockville, VA | 1 of 2 | 1.38 ppb | 145 |
East Ridge Park | Yakima, WA | 1 of 2 | 1.30 ppb | 150 |
Kake Municipal Water | Kake, AK | 1 of 1 | 1.30 ppb | 415 |
Tampico Drive Well Owners Association | Yakima, WA | 2 of 3 | 1.27 ppb | 42 |
Clinton Waterworks | Clinton, WI | 25 of 25 | 1.25 ppb | 2,119 |
Valley Maint Corporation No. 2 | Divide, CO | 1 of 1 | 1.20 ppb | 55 |
Loch Laurel Mobile Home Park | Valdosta, GA | 1 of 2 | 1.20 ppb | 62 |
Canyon Hills Mutual Domestic Water Consumers Association | Alamogordo, NM | 2 of 2 | 1.18 ppb | 53 |
Surrey Village Water Company Inc. | Red Bluff, CA | 2 of 4 | 1.15 ppb | 145 |
Gleed Mobile Estates | Yakima, WA | 2 of 2 | 1.15 ppb | 76 |
Rivermeadows Water District | Jackson, WY | 1 of 3 | 1.13 ppb | 100 |
Bauers Landing Lodge | Orondo, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.10 ppb | 124 |
Inwood Estates | Plymouth, IN | 1 of 1 | 1.10 ppb | 50 |
Ruth Water District | Mcgill, NV | 1 of 1 | 1.10 ppb | 470 |
Brown Taylor Water Company Inc. | Selah, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.10 ppb | 30 |
MO American Stonebridge Village | Branson, MO | 4 of 8 | 1.03 ppb | 1,875 |
Shiloh Waterworks District | Bienville, LA | 2 of 4 | 1.000 ppb | 153 |
Cedar Acres Mobile Home Park | Chatham, NY | 1 of 2 | 1.000 ppb | 276 |
Bingen Water Department | Bingen, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.000 ppb | 735 |
Bryceland Water System* | Bienville, LA | 2 of 4 | 1.000 ppb | 243 |
Southview Wise | Newburg, MD | 1 of 2 | 1.000 ppb | 61 |
White Haven Center | White Haven, PA | 1 of 2 | 1.000 ppb | 620 |
Peshastin Domestic Water Association | Peshastin, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.000 ppb | 108 |
De Chenne Water System | East Wenatchee, WA | 1 of 1 | 1.000 ppb | 34 |
Arbor Arms Apartments | Poughkeepsie, NY | 1 of 1 | 1.000 ppb | 70 |
Riverbend Estates | American Falls, ID | 2 of 2 | 1.000 ppb | 92 |
Sundquist Twh-terrace Heights | Yakima, WA | 2 of 2 | 0.950 ppb | 96 |
Birchwood Terrace | Maplewood, MN | 3 of 4 | 0.923 ppb | 125 |
Twin W Orchards | Orondo, WA | 1 of 1 | 0.900 ppb | 103 |
Moxie Community Llc | Port Orchard, WA | 1 of 1 | 0.900 ppb | 114 |
Shady Oaks Rv and Mobile Home Park | Cross City, FL | 1 of 2 | 0.900 ppb | 75 |
Yoder, Town Of | Yoder, WY | 1 of 1 | 0.900 ppb | 158 |
Broken Wrench Llc | Casper, WY | 1 of 3 | 0.900 ppb | 30 |
Hawks Meadow Water System | East Wenatchee, WA | 1 of 1 | 0.900 ppb | 14 |
Bethel Ash Water Supply Corporation Lowe Plant | Athens, TX | 1 of 2 | 0.900 ppb | 684 |
Quail Run Mobile Home Park | East Wenatchee, WA | 1 of 1 | 0.900 ppb | 165 |
Independence Municipal Utilities Authority Highlnd | Haworth, NJ | 1 of 2 | 0.855 ppb | 350 |
Hidden Village Condo Association | Hambrug, NJ | 1 of 2 | 0.850 ppb | 175 |
Arlinghaus Property | Burlington, KY | 1 of 2 | 0.850 ppb | 49 |
City Of West Point | Radcliff, KY | 1 of 2 | 0.850 ppb | 975 |
* This water utility supplies finished drinking water to at least one other water utility. The purchasing utility is not required to test for or report Thallium, but it likely has the contaminant in its water supply.
Utility | Location | Tests | Average level | People served |
---|---|---|---|---|
Atascosa Rural WSC | Atascosa, TX | 5 of 9 | 0.698 ppb | 11,007 |
Lebanon | Lebanon, MO | 4 of 23 | 0.694 ppb | 14,709 |
Peru | Peru, IL | 1 of 4 | 0.650 ppb | 10,300 |
City of Grandview | Grandview, WA | 9 of 10 | 0.630 ppb | 11,010 |
Eagle Mountain City | Eagle Mountain, UT | 38 of 68 | 0.624 ppb | 36,000 |
City of Moses Lake | Moses Lake, WA | 15 of 18 | 0.533 ppb | 22,930 |
City of Yakima Water Division | Yakima, WA | 9 of 9 | 0.411 ppb | 72,806 |
Sandusky City* | Sandusky, OH | 1 of 11 | 0.400 ppb | 25,793 |
Nob Hill Water Association | Yakima, WA | 4 of 4 | 0.375 ppb | 29,685 |
West Kern Water District | Taft, CA | 2 of 24 | 0.375 ppb | 21,181 |
City of Kearney | Kearney, NE | 1 of 3 | 0.360 ppb | 30,919 |
Southwest/Polk County Utility | Lakeland, FL | 3 of 10 | 0.350 ppb | 39,209 |
Winter Garden Water Department* | Winter Garden, FL | 4 of 6 | 0.300 ppb | 74,326 |
South Brunswick Twp W* | Rocky Hill, NJ | 3 of 19 | 0.294 ppb | 45,450 |
Consolidated Mutual Maple Grove* | Lakewood, CO | 1 of 6 | 0.283 ppb | 24,135 |
Little Thompson WD* | Berthoud, CO | 1 of 6 | 0.283 ppb | 20,076 |
Windermere Community | Pflugerville, TX | 6 of 11 | 0.271 ppb | 20,091 |
City of Mount Dora | Mount Dora, FL | 3 of 4 | 0.250 ppb | 34,224 |
Del Rio Utilities Commission* | Del Rio, TX | 1 of 6 | 0.250 ppb | 36,506 |
Rehoboth District | Dover, DE | 2 of 19 | 0.242 ppb | 32,700 |
Huber Heights Public Water System | Huber Heights, OH | 1 of 4 | 0.230 ppb | 38,278 |
City of Fort Stockton | Fort Stockton, TX | 1 of 3 | 0.220 ppb | 12,502 |
Onalaska Waterworks | Onalaska, WI | 4 of 9 | 0.211 ppb | 18,000 |
Ocean Pines | Berlin, MD | 1 of 10 | 0.180 ppb | 11,890 |
Gardner Water Department | Gardner, MA | 1 of 8 | 0.175 ppb | 19,314 |
City of Havre De Grace* | Havre De Grace, MD | 1 of 6 | 0.167 ppb | 14,000 |
Dover Water Commission* | Dover, NJ | 1 of 4 | 0.161 ppb | 27,806 |
Central Elmore Water Authority* | Wetumpka, AL | 1 of 7 | 0.157 ppb | 36,900 |
Hawthorne Water Department* | Hawthorne Boro, NJ | 2 of 8 | 0.151 ppb | 21,006 |
Edwardsville Water Corporation* | Georgetown, IN | 1 of 2 | 0.150 ppb | 10,200 |
Mcguire Air Force Base | Joint Base Mdl, NJ | 2 of 6 | 0.150 ppb | 12,227 |
Howard Waterworks | Green Bay, WI | 2 of 5 | 0.144 ppb | 18,900 |
City of West Sacramento | Sacramento, CA | 1 of 5 | 0.138 ppb | 46,500 |
Fair Lawn Water Department | Fair Lawn Boro, NJ | 3 of 14 | 0.137 ppb | 31,000 |
Truckee Meadows Water Authority* | Reno, NV | 7 of 110 | 0.130 ppb | 311,932 |
Sun Valley Gid | Sun Valley, NV | 7 of 110 | 0.130 ppb | 17,000 |
Placer County Water Agency - Foothill* | Auburn, CA | 3 of 18 | 0.128 ppb | 78,583 |
Lake Utility Services Inc North | Clermont, FL | 1 of 16 | 0.125 ppb | 21,518 |
South Orange Water Department | South Orange, NJ | 1 of 5 | 0.123 ppb | 16,964 |
Beauregard Water Authority | Opelika, AL | 1 of 6 | 0.117 ppb | 11,178 |
Lacey Twp MUA | Forked River, NJ | 1 of 4 | 0.117 ppb | 26,240 |
Gadsden County Regional WS | Quincy, FL | 6 of 15 | 0.113 ppb | 12,371 |
Paw Penn District | Birdsboro, PA | 1 of 17 | 0.112 ppb | 28,508 |
Park Forest | Park Forest, IL | 1 of 5 | 0.110 ppb | 21,975 |
City of Show Low | Show Low, AZ | 2 of 21 | 0.110 ppb | 17,139 |
Stoughton Waterworks | Stoughton, WI | 4 of 8 | 0.108 ppb | 12,698 |
Altamonte Springs Water Department* | Altamonte Springs, FL | 1 of 4 | 0.1000 ppb | 55,576 |
City of Longwood | Longwood, FL | 2 of 4 | 0.1000 ppb | 20,332 |
Lake Asbury WTP | Orange Park, FL | 1 of 2 | 0.1000 ppb | 10,294 |
Silver Springs Shores* | Ocala, FL | 1 of 10 | 0.1000 ppb | 19,569 |
* This water utility supplies finished drinking water to at least one other water utility. The purchasing utility is not required to test for or report Thallium, but it likely has the contaminant in its water supply.